October 7, 2026

Marwin L. Galvez, Division Head for Central Metro Manila Branches of the Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), gave the day’s principal sustained testimony from subpoenaed records rather than personal handling of the accounts. Covering peso accounts and specified companies for 2007–2025, he reported seven active deposit accounts and addressed credit cards separately. His examination followed time deposits, manager’s checks and insurance-payment instructions.

Galvez explained time-deposit rollovers and matured proceeds of about ₱41.72 million, identifying the settlement-account name as Rodrigo Roa Duterte or Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Sara Z. Duterte. Buying a funded manager’s check debits the customer’s account into the bank’s settlement account, removing it from the customer’s visible balance. Returning funds requires the original unused check; a closed account requires a new receiving account.

Galvez identified a ₱20 million instruction to BPI-Philam’s settlement account for peso plans and Samuel C. Uy as payee of a separate manager’s check. Returned unused checks were not uncommon, but he could not explain clients’ purposes or confirm deliberate year-end concealment. Outside BPI’s AMLC reporting process, he could not explain the corrected reporting error.

Galvez distinguished joint-and accounts requiring all holders’ signatures from or accounts allowing one holder to act. For this account, Rodrigo Duterte’s signature was necessary; the Vice President’s alone could not operate it. Both signed KYC documents, while transaction-signature comparisons pointed to Rodrigo Duterte. Galvez could not determine her knowledge of transactions and lacked personal knowledge of her transacting on Carpio’s individual account.

Arcy James Gonzales, AUB Davao Toril Branch Manager, identified four accounts, two active, and annual balances; one closed during 2025 with a zero year-end balance. He described Carpio accounts, including one with another person left unidentified. Irene Joy Cadiente Ishida, PSBank’s Head of Branch Operations, identified separate Sara Zimmerman Duterte and Manases Reyes Carpio accounts and their 2022–2025 annual ending balances.

Atty. Niña Feren Alquiroz-Aguilar, Metrobank’s Anti-Money Laundering Division Head, described six accounts, including children’s accounts. She explained negative-media review and possible STRs requiring her approval, enhanced due diligence, and source-and-purpose documentation. She had not experienced the cited reporting error during her tenure; the bank would file an amended CTR if necessary.

Leslie Y. Cham, Security Bank’s Branch Banking Group Head, said Sara Duterte had no account there, distinguishing Cale88’s two checking accounts from GenCorp’s eight peso accounts. He separated annual transaction amounts from ending balances, initially lacking the cited ₱40 million details. He declined CTR/STR disclosure, could not determine whether disputed remittances were returned, and said questionable transactions go to compliance. The reference containing J was a customer identifier covering multiple accounts.

Julius Palma Parian, Branch Manager of Philippine National Bank’s Davao San Pedro–CM Recto Branch, presented four accounts and their annual ending balances. He agreed on cross-examination that Sara Duterte had no PNB account and the accounts and transactions discussed were Carpio’s individual accounts. He identified four withdrawals on August 6, 2024—₱5 million, ₱3 million, ₱5 million and ₱5 million—totaling ₱18 million.

Mario Cerilo M. De Mesa Jr., BDO Senior Assistant Vice President for Branch Regulatory Support, presented separate Carpio, Sara Duterte and joint-account records and annual balances. He identified an ₱8 million transfer to Carpio’s current account and supplied Cale88 balances separately. Displayed combined totals were prosecution calculations he could not confirm as a bank sum. He needed records for the two-check questions; outgoing destinations were not routinely followed as asked.

Atty. Juan Sotero Roman, FWD’s Chief Legal and Compliance Officer, authenticated Carpio’s May 16, 2024 policy, distinguishing the ₱10.6 million premium from the ₱13.25 million sum assured. Withdrawal value depends on investments and surrender charges; full surrender ends coverage. He described source-of-funds checks and suspicious-transaction indicators and distinguished policy asset value from the future death benefit.

Malu Remollino Salanguit, Manulife Philippines’ Head of Manage and Review Value Stream, authenticated policy contracts and receipts and explained the distinction between policy owner and insured. She presented single-pay premiums, top-ups and regular-pay records for Duterte and Carpio policies. During the amounts exchange, she corrected a spoken ₱538,000 total to ₱528,000, representing a ₱400,000 initial payment plus a ₱128,000 top-up.

Atty. Calvin Kohchet-Chua, Pru Life’s Chief Legal, Government Relations, and Sustainability Officer, initially described ten policies: two for Sara Duterte, three for Carpio and five owned by a relative. The court limited presentation to the five respondent-and-spouse policies after he confirmed the additional owners were not dependents. Distinguishing sum assured from premiums, he gave ₱1.2 million premiums for the policy discussed. He could not answer whether the Vice President knew of Carpio’s policies; records lacked her signature.

Christine Cabradilla, Policy Changes Head at AIA Philippines, authenticated subpoena records for Carpio’s February 13, 2013 policy carrying a single US$30,000 premium. She explained that unit-linked dollar withdrawals require fund execution before payout. In response to defense questions, she said the policy owner signed the forms, while the spouse, beneficiary and trustee were not required to sign.

Hygeia C. Defensor, Allianz PNB Life’s Policy Management Head, authenticated Carpio policies effective May 3 and October 6, 2021, with cash premiums of US$11,700 and US$100,000. Surrender proceeds depend on fund value, with no surrender charge on these policies. Source-of-income checks included a law-office ITR. Spousal signatures or notifications were not required, including for a spouse-beneficiary. Proceeds went to the owner; their subsequent use was unknown to the insurer.

Joel L. De Jesus, BDO Life’s Vice President and Head of Customer Support Services–Individual Life, identified two Sara Duterte policies and one Carpio policy. The 2014 variable/investment-linked policies had five-year payment periods: annual premiums of ₱100,000 and ₱103,160, totaling ₱500,000 and about ₱515,000. Carpio’s 2008 policy lapsed after four quarterly payments. He said no fixed industry norm governed policy count.

Janet D. Amora, Vice President and Operations Head of BDO Securities Corporation, authenticated trade and settlement records and distinguished equities from fixed-income bonds, purchases from redemptions, and acquisition cost from market valuation. She identified a ₱5 million Arthaland IPO purchase. For 2020–2025 she reported about ₱12.945 million in equity purchases and ₱22.5 million in bond subscriptions. After redemptions, outstanding bonds were ₱12 million; she described the equity position as about ₱13 million and the combined year-end 2025 position as ₱25 million. The securities account was solely Carpio’s, notices went to him, and the records lacked the Vice President’s signature. Amora could not say whether the Vice President knew of the investments.

The court declared a quorum, approved the October 5 and 6 journals without reading them, and received counsel’s appearances. Morning testimony moved through AUB, PSBank, Metrobank and Security Bank before an early-lunch recess and a direction to resume at 12:30 with BPI. Edeli Umayam of AUB appeared but was excused without continuing testimony; Jerilee Mae Sanidad was also excused.

Galvez’s BPI examination occupied the long afternoon exchange, followed by PNB and BDO. After BDO, the court dispensed with Manogid and Alvarillo’s testimony and directed that they be informed. The prosecution then presented FWD, Manulife, Pru Life, AIA, Allianz PNB Life and BDO Life representatives, ending with BDO Securities. At closing, the chair counted 15 witnesses heard and four dispensed with; the policy-count exchange gave 19 insurance policies, excluding shares and bonds.

Atty. James Bryan Ibrahim A. Alih pursued an account-and-transaction tracing case, expanding the BPI offer to alleged transactions above ₱90 million and approximately ₱80 million in insurance purchases involving the Vice President’s and Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s joint accounts. He described approximately ₱41 million and ₱55 million passing through transactions and later combining for insurance purchases. He characterized manager’s-check cycling, which removed outstanding amounts from year-end deposit balances, as a pattern and baseline for the prosecution’s case. His presentation described four ₱20 million transfers as ₱80 million in peso plans and a separate approximately ₱16 million payment.

On redirect, Alih emphasized both account holders’ KYC signatures and asked about the Vice President’s account participation and benefit from incoming funds. He objected to the defense’s use of BPI legal correspondence, arguing that the legal-division recipient was the proper witness and opposing the reading of an unauthenticated reply.

Rep. Lordan G. Suan offered insurance records to support alleged under-declaration of other personal properties in the 2022–2025 SALNs, using policy acquisition costs and cross-company comparisons. He acknowledged the FWD witness lacked personal knowledge of the SALNs and undertook to confine questions to policies and investments. His later securities offer described acquisition costs of ₱25.5 million and ₱4,254,987.61 and alleged a mismatch with the 2025 SALN; after the chair excluded SALN questions, he submitted to that limit.

Atty. Michael Wesley Poa challenged the inference that joint-account records established the Vice President’s participation or knowledge. He sought her signatures on actual transaction instructions, distinguishing them from KYC forms, and relied on the court’s inventory report in winding up cross-examination. He objected to treating a 2011 transaction predating her vice-presidential term as an impeachable offense and to including Rodrigo Duterte, a non-impeachable officer. Responding to later questions, Poa said the Vice President did not recollect the account and had no participation, while reserving Rodrigo Duterte’s ability to challenge the accounts.

Poa attempted to identify BPI legal correspondence through Galvez and undertook to present the proper witness during the defense’s turn. He also tested access to Carpio’s individual account: Galvez said an inquiry required the holder’s authority or a competent court and lacked personal knowledge of a request or transaction by the Vice President. On the other banks, defense counsel examined whose accounts were involved, the witnesses’ knowledge of transaction purposes, and whether records showed the Vice President’s awareness.

Atty. Carlo Joaquin T. Narvasa opposed the SALN and legal-conclusion portions of FWD’s offer, declined a stipulation and sought to strike those portions. He invoked Insurance Code provisions on obtaining life insurance without spousal consent and revocable beneficiaries; Roman agreed with the consent provision and said his understanding was that beneficiary designation or change need not be notified. Across later insurance and securities examinations, defense counsel tested spousal signatures, notification, the Vice President’s knowledge, and insurers’ knowledge of the underlying source and subsequent use of money.

The court allowed arithmetic totals within a single year but prohibited a slide adding ending balances across different years.

The chair prohibited disclosure of CTR/STR submissions, reiterating the reporting-confidentiality restriction during BDO testimony by reading section 9 of RA 9160.

The chair directed distribution of European-company information; the China/Hong Kong request remained in process.

The chair said the 2011 transaction was not being treated as a separate impeachment article or act.

The chair sustained the objection to foreign-account questions outside the subpoena and covered by the FCDU law.

The court directed a search for the Vice President’s signatures on BPI time-deposit, manager’s-check and settlement-account transaction instructions.

The chair allowed an attempt to identify and display BPI’s legal reply; after identification failed, he required a proper authentication witness and removed the display.

The chair reported no Vice President’s signature in the premarked BPI transaction-document inventory, distinguishing it from account-opening and KYC documents bearing her signature.

On redirect, the chair sustained a vague question and directed rephrasing.

The clerk was to summarize requested bank material for senator-judges and both parties. Witness recall remained within the court’s discretion after both sides presented.

The court would supply the requested BDO manager’s-check explanation if it was among subpoenaed submissions.

Following Atty. Sheila C. Sison’s request and Alih’s agreement, the court directed the prosecution to describe its figures as alleged.

For FWD, the chair retained the offer in the record but barred questions under its second through fifth portions, limiting examination to company records and personal knowledge.

The chair sustained objections to speculative insurance-money-laundering and illegal-money/payout hypotheticals and directed Suan to move on.

For later insurance witnesses, the court amended the offer to omit specified SALN material; subsequent examinations followed those limits.

The chair directed use of son, daughter or descendant instead of minors’ names, and excluded unrelated personalities’ Pru Life policies while identifying excluded exhibits for defense reference.

During BDO Securities testimony, the chair allowed an answer despite a document-speaks-for-itself objection.

The chair allowed Amora to consult notes and continue, acknowledged her totals tabulation had not yet been identified, and directed later marking outside open court.

Sen. Vicente C. Sotto III asked who shared Carpio's account. Arcy James Gonzales did not identify the other holder; Atty. James Bryan Ibrahim A. Alih said it was another name, not the Vice President. Sotto relayed a banker friend's "tinikling" description of issuing unused manager's checks and returning them after December 31 as an avoidance practice, then asked about BPI's corrected PHP 2 billion AMLC submission. Marwin L. Galvez knew only the dance, had learned of the corrected error through the hearing, and referred the question to BPI's Anti-Money Laundering Division; Sotto proposed hearing its representative later. Asked for account totals and annual combined ending balances, Alih reported more than 30 accounts and PHP 59,024,726.27 (2022), PHP 71,381,223.30 (2023), PHP 22,245,745.99 (2024), and PHP 39,092,037.63 (2025). Sotto characterized the PHP 10.6 million policy as investment insurance, asking about beneficiaries, coverage and withdrawal. Atty. Juan Sotero Roman identified the children as beneficiaries, affirmed the insured-person clarification, and said coverage ran to age 100 subject to fund performance; full surrender ended life cover, the policy owner withdrew funds, and death triggered payment to named beneficiaries. Roman distinguished withdrawal by the owner from Sotto's suggestion of beneficiaries receiving principal plus interest. Separately, Roman affirmed being related to Pablo Roman.

Sen. Francis "Chiz" G. Escudero examined account ownership, balance calculations and insurance values. Prosecution counsel James Bryan Ibrahim A. Alih and defense counsel Justin Nicol B. Gular agreed with his SALN clarification that children above 18 should be excluded. Asked for Cale88's Security Bank year-end balances, Leslie Y. Cham gave PHP 332,530.95 for 2024 and PHP 16,987.59 for 2025, then said there was no 2024 balance because the account was newly opened, before again referring to both years. Cham separately confirmed that the figures were ending balances, rather than funds entering or maintained during the year. BPI witness Marwin L. Galvez explained that time deposits count toward total balances; matured proceeds enter the client's settlement account. Issuing a manager's check debits the purchaser even before encashment and transfers the backing funds to the bank's settlement account. Expiration alone does not return the money: returning the original check restores it, and reissuance debits it again. Galvez said both joint depositors must be present to open an account, including an "or" account. He knew BPI lawyer Paul Ysmael but could not recognize his signature or the legal division's letterhead. He also said bank secrecy prevents a spouse from asking about an individually held account, even with a marriage certificate. On the joint account under discussion, Galvez could identify the named holders, confirmed that transactions required Rodrigo Roa Duterte's signature and could not proceed on Sara Duterte's signature alone, and could not say whether she knew about them. Defense counsel Michael Wesley Poa dated the KYC update to 2015. PNB witness Julius Palma Parian agreed that the other accounts were in-trust-for accounts; Escudero distinguished these from the single personal account in the requested total. Asked whose BDO balances the PHP 18-million 2025 total represented and why business balances were included, Alih said the Vice President and spouse and described 888 Bistro as a sole proprietorship. BDO witness Mario Cerilo M. De Mesa Jr. could not recall whether the submitted documents included manager's-check purposes. FWD witness Juan Sotero Roman distinguished PHP 10.6 million in premiums from PHP 13.25 million sum assured, answered that premiums depend on client financial needs, and explained that unit-linked withdrawal value can rise above or fall below premiums, unlike traditional-policy cash-surrender terminology. Roman agreed that covered or suspicious transactions must be reported; Escudero's follow-up about continuing the contract received no separate answer. Manulife witness Malu Remollino Salanguit confirmed a PHP 610,000 single payment in 2019 and, for a different annual-pay policy, about PHP 1.435 million paid across 2019–2026. Pru Life witness Calvin Kohchet-Chua distinguished two Sara-owned policies, three Carpio-owned policies and five owned by a relative, rather than taken out by Carpio; he corrected a premium answer to PHP 1.2 million, distinct from PHP 1 million sum assured. BDO Life witness Joel L. De Jesus counted two Sara-owned policies and one Carpio-owned policy.

Sen. Risa Hontiveros asked about negative-media STRs and internal approval. Metrobank witness Atty. Niña Feren Alquiroz-Aguilar said the bank generally reports an identified customer, reviews transactions for additional warranted reports, and requires her division's review and approval. Reading the defense's BPI inquiry, Hontiveros asked whether Rodrigo Roa Duterte controlled the PHP 41 million manager's check. Atty. Michael Wesley Poa said Sara Duterte recalled no account or transaction and denied participation, while preserving her father's defenses. Hontiveros compared 2022/2023 SALN other-personal-property declarations of PHP 13.325/14.725 million with displayed PNB totals of PHP 20.223/21.593 million and prosecution-summed BDO totals of PHP 22.832/32.163 million, alleging underdeclaration and combined gaps of PHP 29.73/39 million. PNB witness Julius Palma Parian said the accounts concerned Manases Carpio, not Sara Duterte; BDO witness Mario Cerilo M. De Mesa Jr. supplied per-account balances and could not verify the aggregate. She requested documents and confirmation of issuance, manager's-check status and purpose for PHP 11.35 million and PHP 9.6 million checks. De Mesa needed the documents and could not recall whether purposes were included. Presiding Officer Sen. Francis "Chiz" G. Escudero allowed follow-up questions on record and said explanations would be supplied if within the subpoenaed submissions, with requested records shared with both parties and all senator-judges.

Sen. Francis “Kiko” Pangilinan asked about suspicious-transaction scrutiny; Metrobank's Alquiroz-Aguilar agreed that guideline-based review considers economic justification and goes beyond negative news or gossip. Security Bank's Cham identified two Cale88 peso accounts, opened in 2024/2025 and closed July 2026, with December 2025 balances of PHP 332,530.95 and PHP 21,164.27; requested transaction details were unavailable. Cham listed eight active GenCorp accounts, opening dates and available annual balances. Pangilinan requested BPI settlement-account transactions alongside time-deposit records. Galvez confirmed both Duterte specimen signatures and explained that outstanding manager's checks remove funds from account 9539, including at reporting dates; stale checks require return instructions. Galvez referred the remaining-balance question to submitted statements. Criticizing Galvez's preparation, Pangilinan sought to trace Cale88 inflows, citing PHP 132 million in 2024 and PHP 39 million in 2025. Galvez identified one active and one closed Cale88 peso account, no GenCorp account, and active account 9539 with records through 2025; updated signature cards do not themselves change signing authority. The chair directed summaries for judges and parties, allowed possible discretionary recall after both sides presented, and distinguished Sara Duterte's opening/KYC signatures from absent transaction signatures. BDO's De Mesa identified one active Cale88 account opened July 2022, no GenCorp account, and year-end balances below PHP 212,000. Contrasting these with reported PHP 1.2-billion inflows, Pangilinan requested monthly movements. He also sought 143 China-related remittances totaling PHP 319 million in BPI record culling; the chair said a bank-and-amount table was being prepared. Roman said insurance funds were withdrawable anytime at market value, potentially below PHP 10.6 million or above PHP 13.25 million. Pangilinan requested policy counts: the chair relayed 11 initially; Gatchalian later reported the clerk's 19, excluding shares and bonds. Defensor said both surrendered Allianz policies were surrendered in 2025, yielding $8,547.48 and $74,960.80. Asked about dividends, coverage and bank channels, De Jesus described two active investment-linked BDO Life policies, gave sums assured and cited a 2014 Davao Rizal branch application. Carpio's older policy lapsed after four quarterly payments. Drawing on his industry experience, De Jesus said there was no general policy-count norm, though insurance employees might hold three to five.

Sen. Joel Villanueva asked about checking and correcting covered and suspicious transaction reports. Metrobank's Atty. Niña Feren Alquiroz-Aguilar reported no such error during her tenure and said an amended covered transaction report would correct one. On time deposits converted to manager's checks, BPI's Marwin L. Galvez recalled one source account, subject to document checking, and at least two checks; he could not confirm a year-end pattern among politicians. He said unused checks return to the purchaser's account, requiring the purchaser to open one if none remains, rather than automatic account creation. Asked about BPI's validation process, reporting-error cause and correction date, suspicious reports involving the respondent or spouse since 2022, and features triggering enhanced review, Galvez said he lacked the information or responsibility to answer. Villanueva then asked whether BDO had filed reports; Presiding Officer Sen. Francis "Chiz" G. Escudero invoked reporting confidentiality. On customer checks, BDO's Mario Cerilo M. De Mesa Jr. said the bank checks identity, business and fund sources, seeks additional information for mismatches, and assesses transactions against the business without repeatedly seeking documents. Asked about outgoing checks and cash, he said the bank generally does not ask where cash goes or who encashes it.

Sen. Raffy T. Tulfo asked about large-deposit and withdrawal checks. Atty. Niña Feren Alquiroz-Aguilar described enhanced due diligence, saying the cash-payout threshold had risen from PHP 500,000 to PHP 1 million; deposits required source-of-funds information and supporting documents, such as invoices or contracts, while a PHP 10 million withdrawal required an explanation and documentation. She could not speak for other banks. Tulfo wondered whether banks receiving the foreign inflows discussed the previous day had followed those checks; no answer followed. He then questioned the difference between a 2024 ending balance and roughly PHP 40 million in a forensic report. Leslie Y. Cham distinguished the PHP 332,530.95 ending balance from transactions, reporting 2024 inflows of PHP 40,138,766.28, outflows of PHP 40,001,101.79, and 2025 inflows of PHP 6,265,915.66. Asked about a hypothetical PHP 5 million deposit, managerial instructions and documents supplied later, Cham said supporting documents were required, ambiguities went to compliance, and the bank did not accept first and obtain documents afterward.

Sen. Sherwin T. Gatchalian questioned Security Bank's Cale88 suspicious-transaction reports concerning deposits disproportionate to the customer's financial profile and missing supporting documents. Leslie Y. Cham cited confidentiality, could not confirm filing, and lacked subpoena-related data. On BPI account 9539, Marwin L. Galvez said both Rodrigo and Sara Duterte signed KYC documents; he recalled 2010 subject to checking, and explained that both undergo KYC, with signatures witnessed even when signing outside the branch. Gatchalian traced deposits, settlement transfers and manager's checks: Galvez said the account must first be debited and found no 2010 check; prosecution counsel James Bryan Ibrahim A. Alih described PHP 41-million and PHP 55-million deposits becoming checks, with six paired transactions during 2011-2013. Gatchalian observed that PHP 96 million was absent from Sara Duterte's 2010-2012 SALNs and explored a pattern. Defense counsel Michael Wesley Poa stressed her awareness remained the question and said Rodrigo signed the transactions. On FWD insurance, Juan Sotero Roman distinguished the PHP 10.6-million premium/personal-property asset from the PHP 13.25-million death benefit, not yet claimable; coverage ran to age 100, while withdrawable value varied with market performance. Finally, Gatchalian reported the clerk's count of 19 insurance policies, excluding previously mentioned shares and bonds; no further response followed his manifestation.

Sen. Paolo Benigno “Bam” Aquino asked what made remittances lack economic justification, what documents exporters needed, whether the requirement was legal or bank-imposed, how undocumented funds could enter, whether they were returned, and how suspected irregularities were handled. Leslie Y. Cham described source-of-income proof, contracts or sales invoices, and payment/remittance proof as bank and industry requirements; the bank would not accept unsupported remittances. He could not explain the particular transaction or whether funds were returned, but said it had been referred to compliance. Aquino also asked whether buying manager's checks to remove money from ending balances and restore it six months later was common, named, documented or unlawful. Marwin L. Galvez said applications record purpose and unused checks are commonly returned, but the supplied copy was cut off and did not show purpose. He could not address deliberate six-month cycling; no banking term or definitive legality answer was supplied. Finally, Aquino questioned surrendering insurance investments at a loss, their duration, withdrawal deadlines and customary reasons. Hygeia C. Defensor said the policy ran from 2021 to 2025 and withdrawal depended on the policyholder; she supplied no reason for this surrender or broader market practice.

Sen. Panfilo “Ping” M. Lacson questioned Security Bank's differing number formats. Leslie Y. Cham explained that the J-containing number was a customer ID, potentially covering multiple accounts, while the number ending 4534 identified a checking account. Lacson then queried the fund-flow analysis's P5.3 million in transfers involving other named persons rather than Manases Carpio or Vice President Sara Duterte; Cham said she was unsure about the account. Later, Lacson asked whether the prosecution sought a pattern of concealment through manager's checks. Atty. James Bryan Ibrahim A. Alih agreed, explaining that circulating checks left funds floating outside year-end balances. Lacson also asked how time deposits were classified; after the chair expanded the question, Marwin L. Galvez said they formed part of the total balance. Returning to joint-account signing, Lacson elicited that former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte could sign alone for the Julia Vargas account, while Sara Duterte required his signature. Asked whether government officials predominated among October or year-end manager's-check purchasers, Galvez said he lacked personal knowledge. Lacson closed with a manager's-check anecdote and expressly called it a joke.

Sen. Erwin Tulfo questioned stricter checks on politically exposed persons and whether PHP 200,000–300,000 monthly salaries could support PHP 40 million deposits. Marwin L. Galvez cited identification requirements, disclaimed salary knowledge and speculation, and confirmed the covered period involved public service, though not necessarily current positions. Loan/dividend origins and the ultimate check payee required document review. Galvez confirmed the prosecution’s maturity-to-manager’s-check example: funds leave the depositor’s balance but remain in the bank’s check account. Tulfo asked FWD’s Atty. Juan Sotero Roman about financial capacity, public-official connections, refusals, policy-count limits and laundering detection. Roman cited declared occupations/funding sources, further diligence for mismatches, tipping-off restrictions rather than a refusal example, awareness of Carpio’s status, and predicate offenses and insurance’s placement/layering/integration risks; no numerical policy limit emerged. Roman distinguished suspicion from court-established laundering. On reporting, Presiding Officer Sen. Francis "Chiz" G. Escudero explained mandatory reporting of threshold/suspicious transactions; Roman agreed. Tulfo also questioned two Allianz policies surrendered before maturity and checks on an official’s spouse. Hygeia C. Defensor said investment policies permit withdrawals at the next pricing date’s fund value, with no surrender charge here; know-your-customer checks and an income-tax return identified law-office income, sufficient for this policy.

Sen. Robinhood “Robin” Padilla asked whether a manager's check represents the bank's credibility and whether the bank would issue one knowing of wrongdoing. Marwin L. Galvez, BPI's division head for Central Metro Manila branches and a prosecution witness, agreed and explained that issuance requires properly authorized purchase instructions and adequate funding. Galvez also agreed when Padilla said the intended destination of the money is specified and that the bank would not issue the check without the funds. Padilla questioned why former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte had been mentioned and asked whether he had committed wrongdoing. Galvez answered that no such wrongdoing appeared in the documents they submitted.

Authentication of the BPI legal reply remained for a proper witness whom Poa undertook to present during the defense’s turn. The clerk was to summarize requested bank material and furnish it to the senator-judges and both parties; the court would supply the requested BDO manager’s-check explanation if it was among the subpoenaed submissions. The China/Hong Kong company-information request was still being processed.

The prosecution requested deferral of the BIR witness’s appearance; she was not presented and was excused for the day. Amora finished cross-examination with no redirect and was excused, with her totals document left for marking at the proper time outside open court. The chair suspended trial until the following day at 10 a.m.